The article compares the essential, contextual and systemic concepts of historical memory. In the first, historical memory is thought of in the interval of truth-value and inclusion in the structure of national identity. In the second case, the value content of historical memory depends on the gradation of conditions, which leads to a pluralism of interpretations. In this case, from the standpoint of epistemological holism, historical memory is interpreted as a kind of collective knowledge, and from the point of view of ontological holism it is expressed in intersubjective reality, the relationship of the Self and the Other. The article concludes that a systematic projection of the study of historical memory is currently promising. An autopoietic variant of system analysis is proposed, in which historical memory acts as one of the ways of self-observation of the statesystem and reflection of the external environment. Historical memory is defined as the ability of a state system to maintain and reproduce holistic meanings under any environmental conditions. The abstractions of the collective subject and the systemic subject differ. A collective entity may remain such without being a systemic entity, for example, when a State loses sovereignty. The logic of the collective subject’s activity can be value-neutral and instrumentalist. While the subject system acts as a carrier of the historical common and maintains internal integrity. Thus, the combination of subjective and systemic ontology in the understanding of historical memory removes the opposition of epistemological and ontological holism.

The relevance of this article stems from the need to establish the stable identity and to strengthen the integrity of contemporary Russian society. Along with successful commemorative practices and a well-conducted memory policy, working with futurological meanings is intended to serve this purpose. The effective functioning of a society presupposes a clear understanding of how it produces its future. The aim of this article is to explicate the methods of generating the future characteristic of late modern society, which, under the influence of recent history, experienced disillusionment with large-scale socio-political projects. The study is based on the methodological principles and insights from social philosophy and an interdisciplinary approach. Methods from intellectual history and the history of concepts are applied. The article explicates the theoretical potential of the history of the future (Zukunftsgeschichte), a field of knowledge that is virtually unrepresented in Russian humanities. Over its centuries of existence, humanity has developed numerous ways of working with the future and mastered various ways of representing it, which have become part of history. A significant research approach implemented within the framework of contemporary intellectual history is shifting attention from the content of futurological projects/scenarios to the conditions and methods of their genesis. The article reveals the reasons for the memorial turn, which has led to the dominance of images and meanings of the past in the consciousness of our contemporaries and, simultaneously, to a lack of ability to project the future. The imperatives of constant activity and adherence to high professional and living standards can serve as factors provoking escapism into the past. The author attributes the following ways of generating the future in late modern society: firstly, the future can be constructed on the basis of the past; secondly, secondly, the future as a response to someone else’s future (perceived as “risk future”); and thirdly, the future can be a minor transformation of the present (the practice of “small deeds”). The conclusion is substantiated that not only memorial sovereignty (the ability of a political actor to independently interpret its own past) has political significance, but also futurological sovereignty — the right and ability to generate its own future.

Information warfare as a phenomenon has deep historical roots, passing through several stages and experiencing a series of transformations inextricably linked to the technological development of society and the characteristics of mass consciousness. This paper examines the evolution of information warfare as a persistent element of interstate and military-political confrontation throughout human history, from the Ancient World, where the primary goal was to intimidate the enemy and force them to flee the battlefield, to sophisticated methods of psychological influence in the present day, designed to influence not only the information field but also the deep mechanisms of human consciousness. Over time, new methods and technologies for influencing people’s consciousness have emerged, while existing ones remain effective. The relevance of this topic is determined by the growing significance of the results of information warfare in the modern information space, which no longer simply accompanies military campaigns but is ongoing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the key stages in the development of information warfare, emphasizing the changing forms, means, and scale of confrontation depending on the level of technological and social development of society. The paper reconstructs the transformation of the goals and methods of waging information warfare from antiquity to the end of the 20th century, including influence technologies. Historical examples of information interaction are provided, illustrating these changes at each stage. The authors conclude that information warfare is an integral part of interstate and military-political confrontation, evolving throughout almost the entire history of mankind. Beginning with primitive forms of disinformation and psychological traps in the Ancient World and the Middle Ages, information warfare is gradually transforming into a systemic tool of strategic influence, encompassing not only the military sphere, but also public consciousness, political institutions, and historical memory. While throughout its long history, information warfare acquired a systemic nature only during periods of conflict, in the second half of the 20th century, the theory and methodology of waging information warfare were formed; they are waged continuously, and their development becomes a priority area of state policy in the pursuit of geopolitical interests.

This article examines and analyzes the typology of global geoclimatic shifts, classifying the types of environmental and climatic changes that change the face of the planet. The authors identified 4 types of geoclimatic shifts, such as gradual climatic trends, extreme changes in weather conditions, turning points in the Earth’s system, and changes in biosphere and ecosystem regimes. The authors also consider global cognitive shifts that classify changes in human behavior, values, and collective psychology in response to the global crisis. The types identified by the authors are as follows: climate anxiety, environmental grief and the psychology of crisis, digital transformation and cognitive overload, changes in values, worldview, and moral principles. For each category in the article, the authors identified the key driving factors, their characteristics and the observed consequences for environmental stability, human health, food and water security, as well as the sustainability of infrastructure. The authors draw on modern scientific literature in the fields of the environment, behavioral sciences, cognitive sociology, and moral psychology. A key analytical contribution is the study of the effects of the interaction between geoclimatic and cognitive shifts. In the article, the authors analyzed how climatic stress factors — extreme heat, lack of resources, population displacement, and exposure to natural disasters — can increase psychological stress, change moral priorities, and transform institutional trust, while cognitive models such as increased risk, cascades of misinformation, and failures of collective action, in turn, can influence the results of mitigation and adaptation. In conclusion, the authors consider how these shifts interact with each other (for example, how climatic stressors cause psychological reactions or social changes), and also consider how such a typology can help in research, policy development, and political sustainability planning.

The article addresses the issue of linguistic security (LS) as a relevant theoretical and practical phenomenon that requires in-depth scholarly examination and systematisation of the terminological framework. The author analyses a paradoxical situation: despite a considerable number of theoretical studies on LS since the early 2000s, the term has not yet received legal formalisation and is not закреплен (enshrined) in Russian strategic documents — including the Foundations of the State Language Policy of the Russian Federation, approved in July 2025. The paper traces the evolution of the concept of LS — from M.V. Gorbanevsky’s original interpretation (2002) as journalists’ responsibility for statements in the media to broader contemporary interpretations, which include protecting the language from displacement, countering culturallinguistic expansion, ensuring communicative norms, and so on. Particular attention is paid to distinguishing between the domains of linguistic security and linguoculture: while the former is associated with actual and potential threats to the language and linguistic relations in society, the latter covers issues of cultural-linguistic norms, speech culture, and verbal ethics. The author identifies two approaches to understanding LS: narrow approach — protecting the language from displacement by other languages, preserving the norms of the literary language, and countering linguistic expansion; broad approach — incorporating issues of language policy, communicative norms, speech offences, and language conflicts. The article critically analyses various classifications of LS (as part of information, semantic, cognitive, and national security) and argues that the most justified approach is to classify LS as part of civilisational security. Language, along with culture and the dominant belief system, is viewed as a fundamental foundation of civilisation, and its protection is seen as an element of the stability of Russian civilisational identity. Based on the analysis, the author concludes that there is a need for: methodological streamlining of the conceptual framework in the field of LS; clear delimitation of related concepts (linguo-social security, linguo-sociocultural security, etc.); development of strategic documents that would establish the status and mechanisms for ensuring linguistic security in Russia.

This paper examines such contradictory political elements as national civilization, political structure, and international order using a comprehensive, holistic approach. It explores the problems of the state as a bearer of civilizational sovereignty and the formation of the future international order, and analyzes the characteristics and trends of the restructuring of national civilization and political values. The study reveals the specific features of the development of civilizational interaction as a strategy. This paper proposes not to study these political science concepts in isolation; to more effectively address these issues, they must be considered holistically, analyzing and exploring the relationship and characteristics of civilizational sovereignty as a political entity with national civilization, international order, and political structure. Furthermore, using the examples of Russia and China, the reasons for the emphasis on civilizational sovereignty, as well as the political values and behavior patterns associated with its strengthening, are revealed. It is noteworthy that the main innovation of this article is the exploration of the correlation and hypotheses between the sovereignty of civilization and political rifts, which allows various epistemologies of civilization to demonstrate humanistic concern for the laws of national survival, thereby working together to reduce or eliminate the negative consequences of division and rifts.

Digitalization, as a tool for constructing a new normality, not only changes the needs and attitudes of individuals, but also forms symbolic structures of domination and mechanisms of public administration capable of integrating them. The purpose of this study is to determine the consequences of digital transformation in the context of recognizing the current structure of political domination, identifying risks to state sovereignty and subjectivity of individuals. The research methods are: the paradigm of social construction, supplemented by the method of comparative analysis. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the following provisions: a) digital platforms, initially considered as tools for improving the quality of governance, have actually turned into autonomous entities that duplicate the functions of the state in the digital space. The consequence of this is their clash with traditional management structures that do not want to give up their monopoly right in the management structure.; b) digital platforms, through their algorithms, create discursive matrices of controlled space that define the meanings and behaviors of individuals, thus exercising symbolic dominance. Being moderators of the imposition of new social practices, they act as opponents of legitimate state institutions, using resources to control public opinion.; c) the absence of a basic discourse in the context of a multitude of differentiated “reality producers” (mass media) operating in the digital space leads to the formation of a specific reciprocity and the absence of a general picture of the world. A possible panacea in this situation is the use of algorithmization tools in order to achieve a common reciprocity and a common picture of the world. The multiplicity of signal sources may not be amenable to imposing the basic discourse directly, however, they all operate within the digital space, where it is possible to impose a basic algorithm that will be based on the discourse required by the state and which will set certain directions and frameworks for the rest of the “producers of reality.” The theoretical significance of the study lies in identifying the consequences of digitalization for the configuration of the dominance structure, the erosion of state sovereignty and the subjectivity of individuals.

The standoff over Iran’s nuclear program is often framed as a simple confrontation between Tehran and the West, but the reality is far more complex. What we are witnessing is a dialectical process — one in which action and reaction continually reshape the landscape in unpredictable ways. In this study, I argue that international sanctions have not stopped Iran’s nuclear ambitions. Instead, they have provoked a deeper transformation: the consolidation of a “resistance economy” ideology, now embedded in the Islamic Republic’s political economy and geared primarily toward regime survival. Far from weakening the system, the 2025 military strike and the subsequent snapback of sanctions appear to have reinforced it. Today, Iran’s nuclear program exists in a dual state — both latent and existential. It has become woven into the identity of the state itself. Yet this resilience has come at a steep price. Economic isolation is now structural, corruption has become institutionalized, and civil society operates under severe constraints. In many respects, Western pressure has produced the opposite of its intended effect, empowering security institutions while marginalizing the civilian economy and narrowing the space for diplomacy. If there is a lesson here, it is that policy based primarily on coercion is unlikely to yield the outcomes its architects expect. A more productive path would involve shifting toward managed engagement — combining credible deterrence with realistic diplomatic off-ramps. For regional actors, this also means recalibrating expectations. The question is no longer whether Iran can be kept non-nuclear, but how to manage a regional environment with a nuclear-capable Iran. Direct, sustained dialogue among regional powers is essential if we are to avoid dangerous escalation spirals. For Tehran, the challenge is not less complex. The logic of perpetual resistance, however politically useful domestically, is economically and socially unsustainable in the long term. Reintegration into the global economy would require difficult compromises — politically costly, but perhaps necessary.

Robotization and the introduction of AI exert systemic pressure on the social contract due to the gap between the pace of technological transformation and the speed of institutional adaptation. In this context, the revision of the social contract to align with new realities is relevant. The purpose of the article is to examine the model of the new social contract forming as a result of robotization and the introduction of AI. The study employs conceptual modeling based on trends in political practices, labor market, and economic policy. As a result of the research, the main factors for revising the social contract are identified: (1) deficit of accountability of algorithmic power, (2) labor polarization and increasing vulnerability of social groups, (3) employment redistribution and problems of social integration. A model of the new social contract is presented, including algorithm transparency, innovations in the field of labor and education, as well as new tools for resource redistribution. The new social contract performs an adaptive function, providing intermediate institutions for collective risk management and future design. The research results supplement current works on the consequences of robotization and the introduction of AI, future research should account for new links between technologies, institutions, employment, and social mobility.

The humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan (2020–2025) represents one of the most complex operational environments for international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) globally. Following the Taliban takeover in August 2021, INGOs faced a critical juncture characterized by economic collapse, diplomatic isolation, and severe restrictions on civil liberties, particularly for women. Objectives. This study investigates the institutional adaptation mechanisms employed by INGOs to sustain operations under the de facto authorities (DFA) and examines the “legitimacy-humanitarian imperative paradox”. Methods. A systematic literature review was conducted using SCOPUS-indexed journals from 2020 to 2025, synthesizing findings from 58 peer-reviewed articles through a mixed-methods thematic analysis rooted in Institutional Theory and Resource Dependency Theory. Key Findings. Results indicate that INGOs utilize “strategic decoupling” to navigate the conflict between donor compliance requirements (nonrecognition) and operational necessities (engagement with DFA). While localization has accelerated as a survival strategy, the December 2022 ban on female NGO workers created an existential threat to principled humanitarian action, particularly in the health and protection sectors. Conclusions. The study concludes that the current operational model relies on a fragile equilibrium of pragmatic negotiation that risks eroding humanitarian principles. Sustainable intervention requires a recalibration of donor risk thresholds and a distinct separation of humanitarian engagement from political recognition. Sustainable intervention requires a recalibration of donor risk thresholds and a distinct separation of humanitarian engagement from political recognition

In the modern world, improving the mechanisms of innovative development and regulation of crowdsourcing activities is becoming a key growth factor. Innovation is the main engine of economic growth, contributing to the emergence of new industries and increasing the competitiveness of business entities. Venture capital financing and indirect government incentives are used to support them, including tax incentives for R&D companies, accelerated depreciation of equipment, and a tax credit. Crowdsourcing — the transfer of tasks over the Internet without entering into an employment contract, is becoming one of the most dynamic forms of employment. This activity is regulated by the norms of civil law, which creates risks for performers and customers in matters of confidentiality, copyright and social guarantees. Improving the regulation of crowdsourcing should ensure the legal protection of participants. Effective innovation policy combined with adequate legal regulation of crowdsourcing creates conditions for technological breakthroughs and sustainable economic growth. The relevance of the research is due to the increasing role of innovation and crowdsourcing in the development of municipalities in the knowledge economy. In modern conditions, crowdsourcing is becoming a key tool for participatory management, which makes it possible to effectively use the intellectual potential of the local community with limited resources. The purpose of the study is to develop practical recommendations for improving the management of innovative development of municipal education through the creation of crowdsourcing online platforms. The theoretical basis of the research covers the concepts of innovative development of territories, models of crowdsourcing and its application in municipal management, as well as the methodology for building innovative development management systems. The research methodology is based on a process-based approach to innovation development management, including the formation of innovation potential, the development of a risk-based strategy and performance monitoring. The main results of the study demonstrate that the introduction of crowdsourcing in municipal government provides: increased efficiency of management decisions, increased public confidence in government, optimization of budget expenditures and acceleration of processes for solving local problems. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a comprehensive model for managing the innovative development of a municipality using crowdsourcing technologies, including mechanisms for generating, implementing and evaluating innovative projects with the participation of the local community. The practical significance of the work lies in the formation of specific recommendations for the creation and operation of crowdsourcing platforms that enhance the innovation potential of territories and improve the quality of municipal government.

The article examines state industrial policy, focusing on its goals, challenges, and key directions. It analyzes management measures aimed at strengthening industrial potential, boosting competitiveness, stimulating innovation, and modernizing industries amid geopolitical and technological challenges in the early 21st century. The study also covers global challenges and related structural transformations of the Russian economy. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of implementing management software in the civilian industry of the Russian Federation, as well as to identify the key factors influencing its development and improvement. Results. As part of the study of the public administration mechanism, the need to distinguish between the concepts of “defense industry” and “civilian industry” was identified due to the organizational and structural differences between these sectors of the economy. The study also revealed the exceptional role of public programs in the transition from a resource management paradigm to a results-oriented management paradigm. However, there are still unresolved issues in public programming, such as difficulties in accessing funding and insufficient coordination between program participants. Conclusions. The Russian Government faces significant challenges in ensuring technological sovereignty and competitiveness of domestic goods. The key instrument is a set of government programs that guide budget formation and implement policy goals through various (not only financial) measures. In the civilian industrial sector, government programming includes the development and implementation of the following programs: “Development of Industry and Increasing Its Competitiveness,” “Development of the Aviation Industry,” “Development of Shipbuilding and Technologies for the Development of Offshore Fields,” and “Development of the Electronic and Radio-Electronic Industry.” Despite the high level of development of the methodology and monitoring mechanism, there are difficulties with access to funding and insufficient coordination between the participants in the program process.

The article explores the contemporary transformation of theoretical views on the relationship between language and thought as a methodological foundation for updating professionally oriented language education at the university level. Within the context of the cognitive and digital turns in science, classical paradigms (from the linguistic relativity hypothesis to the activity-based approach) are being reconsidered, necessitating a fresh understanding of language’s role in shaping professional consciousness and competencies. The work examines the evolution of key theories, highlighting the dynamic co-construction of reality in speech activity. Particular attention is paid to the practical significance of this theoretical transformation for educational engineering, including the design of course curricula based on the modelling of professional discourses and the implementation of tasks aimed at conceptualizing professional experience through a foreign language. Revisiting the fundamental “language-thought” relationship enables not merely an adaptation, but a fundamental reconstruction of the system for training specialists’ language skills, transforming it into an agent for developing holistic professional thinking in the context of digital reality.

Introduction. The article examines the main aspects of song writing as a special sphere of Russian culture during the Great Patriotic War. The author focuses on its evolution from the dominated propaganda models projected onto public consciousness in the 1930s of the 20th century to universal individualistic narratives that appealed to the inner world and value system of an individual who found himself in the maelstrom of social upheavals and war years of 1940s. Based on this, the purpose of the article is to examine the main aspects of song writing as a special sphere of Russian culture during the Great Patriotic War. In the course of the study, the author used the following methods: hermeneutic, comparative, system analysis, comparative, etc. The author used a set of military songs from the Great Patriotic War as sources. He also studied various aspects of the songwriting of Soviet performers and composers of those years, as well as genre features of the texts of poetic works, folklore, everyday elements of songwriting in the period under review. Various genre and stylistic features of the Soviet song brought into existence by wartime and the tasks that were set before the Soviet society in this difficult historical period are also analyzed article. Results. The author analyzed various aspects of the creative activity of the authors of Soviet songs, revealed the process of generational change in the Soviet musical culture that occurred during the Great Patriotic War. In addition, the article highlighted the general and specific in the creative approach of individual authors. The features of the state policy of those years aimed at the formation and development of musical culture in the period of history under review and are also considered in the article. Conclusions. The author substantiated the connection between the events that were fateful for the existence of Soviet society and the state with the cultural trends of that time, which found expression in the Soviet song, as the most vivid manifestation of the national spirit and popular consciousness in this difficult period in the history of the country.

The purpose of the article is to study the awakening of existence in the process of a person’s search for his vital and spiritual harmony. The authors use a specific analysis to reveal K. Jaspers’ thoughts about “existence in objectivity.” The dialectic of the existence of the search for vital harmony and mental balance resulting from the onset of disharmony both in the life of an individual and in society itself is revealed and disclosed. The problems that arise in the search for harmony and balance between an individual’s life position and reality in society, as well as difficulties in the process of realizing the individual’s chosen harmony option, are generated in the human soul by a number of existences of varying depth and acuteness. The conclusions of the study are, firstly, that only such harmony helps to soften the existence of the individual, which corresponds to the objective logic of society, and secondly, the existence of the individual, as K. wrote. Jaspers, they always have an objective form of manifestation through national traditions, customs and human actions.