The article presents the rationale for the classification of international students based on civilizational criteria. The authors identified and characterized eight cultural profiles: two post-Soviet profiles, European, Latin American, African, Arabic, Chinese, and southern.The authors propose to use sociological scales to identify and measure the socio-political attitudes of international students. The authors proposed their options for the following scales: the social distance of E. Bogardus, equal intervals of L. Thurstone, total ratings of R. Likert, the scale of L. Guttman. We also proposed the author’s interpretation of the method of semantic differential of C. Osgood. Each scale allows you to identify and measure attitudes towards Russia. Finally, the authors proposed an integral index of socio-political attitudes. The integral index consists of an average of five of the above indices. The integrated index allows you to minimize research errors and compare the attitudes of students from different cultural profiles.

The relevance of this topic is due to the need to realize the maximum potential of Russian higher education as an instrument of “soft power”. The purpose of this article is to analyze the problems that accompany the solution of the main task — the political socialization of international students studying in the Russian Federation. The article covers three main aspects. The first is the absence of a minimum level of knowledge of the host country for high-quality political socialization of international students; the second is the lack of full-fledged motivation for real, not formal socialization, the third is the lack of the same motivation for the effective and meaningful implementation of a set of profile measures among the employees of the receiving side. The lack of resolution of the above three problems makes it impossible and meaningless to work to achieve the main goal — the political socialization of international students studying in the Russian Federation. The main reason for the urgency of the first problem is the orientation of higher education of foreign students in the Russian Federation to maximize profits to the detriment of its other goals, the second is the cultural code of the majority of international students, and the third is systemic management ‘failures’ in Russia itself. At the same time, the unresolvedness of these problems significantly complicates the work with one of the most promising categories of international students — immigrants from the countries of the Greater Middle East, Africa, South Asia and the Asia-Pacific region.

The article considers the social prerequisites for overcoming barriers to the social integration of disabled people. The successful inclusion of this category of people in social processes is related to the field of education. According to the current Russian legislation, educational organizations undergo a delicate procedure of independent assessment of the quality of services provided. The measurement procedure includes indicators that reflect the level of accessibility of services for disabled people. The research of level of availability of educational services for disabled people in the Republic of Ingushetia was based on open data for 2019 at the portal for placement of information on the state (municipal) institutions bus.gov.ru. Key results of the state programs of the Republic of Ingushetia to increase the level of access to educational services for people with disabilities, the activities of the Republican Center for Distance Education are considered.

The article describes internal and external factors producing a negative impact on the productivity of the ESP teachers’ activity. These factors are connected with professional risks, primarily with teachers being unable to adequately meet modern requirements such as mastering advanced educational and digital technologies, applying soft skills, combining teaching with research work and provision of additional paid educational services. The authors consider the introduction of CLIL technology and EMI model by universities to be the highest risk to the very profession of ESP teacher and make an attempt to identify the possible areas of cooperation between ESP teachers and EMI lecturers.

The paper considers the history of the creation and development of Workers’ Faculties in the RSFSR and the USSR. That system of education was widespread in the first fifteen years of the existence of the Soviet state. Major politicians of Soviet Russia considered the issues of teaching methods and methodologies. They, for the most part, were former students of those faculties and were actively engaged in self-education, as one of the main priorities of the young socialist state. The Soviet leaders emphasized the need to increase the level of education of the broad masses without interruption from productive activities. At the same time, there was a dilemma on the importance of pre-revolutionary experience in building a new education system, the task of which was to educate a person who possessed personal qualities that allowed her to follow the ideological principles of communism. The author paid particular attention to the legislation governing the activities of the Workers’ Faculties and the long-term consequences of applying this educational model.

The relevance of the article is due to the theoretical and practical need to rethink the content of the concept of “culture” in the context of the formation of world culture. The authors turn to comparative philosophical studies: concepts, categories, approaches and methods from social philosophy, philosophical anthropology, cross-cultural management, sociology, theory and practice of intercultural communication are used. The key conclusion is the provision that the structuralsystem analysis of culture allows us to represent it as a multi-tiered system, each level of which is interconnected with other levels. Cultural diversity can be thought of as the degree to which there are differences within and between individuals, based on both subjective and objective cultural components. The article substantiates the position that the formation of meanings and meanings common for different peoples and cultures as the upper tier of world culture will contribute to the more effective achievement of mutual understanding by participants in intercultural dialogue by minimizing the degree of influence of cross-cultural barriers.

The article examines the role of internship in the development of the social potential of the company. One of the factors of this development is a two-level system for improving the professional qualities of trainees, each component of which has its specific characteristics. The authors give conceptual definitions and analyze the features of such forms of training young personnel as internship and mentoring. While there are certain common features, these phenomena still have significant differences in moral, administrative, temporal and legal aspects. We used the method of sociological diagnostics to analyze the effectiveness of organizing internships in one of the largest companies in the pharmaceutical market. In the course of the study, we made a grouping, and a hierarchy of varieties of knowledge and skills was built based on the respondents’ self-esteem. The result of the work was the identification of the factors of the weak development of the internship phenomenon in modern Russia with a sufficiently large potential.

In this article, the author concludes that recent projects of digitalisation of the urban environment have initially been projects of the fundamental science of modernity, i. e. predominantly 1970s. In modern urban practise in Russia, their implementation is mainly superimposed on the structure of the city, formed at the same time, but already perceived as the past. Bridging this gap is in understanding what exactly the architectural modernism of the late Soviet period left us. As the initial stage of this, necessary for the classification of artefacts, the author proposes a reasoned periodisation of Soviet urbanism in the second half of the 20th century.

The article deals with political risks and barriers of digitalisation. Initially, the author identified the factors of political risks and barriers to digitalisation. They include the limited state categorisation and the complexity of the institutional process, lack of investment in human capital and low overall factor productivity, lack of effective and sufficient communication, resistance to bureaucracy. On the base of these factors, the main political risks and barriers to digitalisation include (1) the formal declaration of reforms in the absence of real results, (2) the growth of centralised control and the adverse social reaction, (3) the increasing of social inequality and the formation of the new monopolies, (4) the risks of cybersecurity. Management of these risks is possible through the development of adequate institutional design, the use of new organisational solutions to stimulate the development of human capital, the establishment of the institute of the scientific and technical expertise, support of project finance for ICT projects, support of sufficient political communication.

The article discusses modern ideas about the structure of interaction, the role of leaders of public opinion in social networks of digital communications. The object of the study is the social media community that generates information flows and promotes the agenda of the Crimea joining the Russian Federation. Empirical data were obtained as a result of monitoring social media using the methods of social graphs and cognitive mapping. An analysis of the information flows of the Crimean agenda showed that the structure of most of the communities generating them is deprived of leaders of public opinion and is based on the heated topic of the conflict. At the same time, the presence of opinion leaders in user groups contributes to an increase in the number and activity of communities but does not ensure their unity. Social network communities focused on the formation of anti-Russian attitudes of Crimean users have a low density of interaction, which does not allow qualifying as structured and mass movements. In the groups of the pro-Russian segment, larger-scale and stable interconnections in the communities were noted, which shows their higher potential for informational counteraction. Most of the users who make up the community are viewers, consuming thematic content. The presence of intersections of the audiences of the pro-Russian and anti-Russian communities indicates both a weak difference in content and unstable user attitudes.

The author discussed the version of the modernisation of the Union State of Belarus and Russia based on the theory of socially oriented market economy, the experience of building a solidarity society and a social state in Germany, carried out during the work of Federal Chancellor K. Adenauer. Firstly, the author made a comparative analysis of the socio-economic policy in Belarus and Russia. Secondly, the author has shown the role of religious moral and spiritual values and Christian ideology in creating a solidarity society. Finally, the author grounded the beginning of the termination of the state policy of social and economic liberalism in Russia and formulated the reasons for the inhibition of political integration and permanent economic conflicts in the Union State of Belarus and Russia.

The article discusses the current sociolinguistic characteristics of the development of digital technologies as a basis of modern science, all industries, the media, etc. The author outlined the advantages provided by the global process of unification of contemporary society in the sociolinguistic context. Also, the author highlighted the problems associated with the Englishlanguage platform of information technology from the current approach to ethnic-language and national identity. English is considered both as the world lingua franca and as a tool of “soft power” in the international arena. In the latter case, in the context of its use as the primary language of the modern “digital world”. The question is posed of a reasonable differentiation of the use of English beyond the scope of digital technology, where it has unconditional, sole and, in the opinion of the author, utterly natural leadership. Therefore, the author raised the question of the advisability of popularizing the Russian language as a language of higher education for international students in Russia. The author concluded that there exist the objective necessity and the completely organic possibility of using English as an international language of communication without losing one’s language (as a part of the ethnic and civil) identity of ethnic groups in the global world.

The article analyses the risks of “aftershocks” of secondary post-crisis migration from the countries of the European Union, reorientation of migration flows of post-crisis migration due to changes in European migration legislation, the introduction of legal restrictions on granting refugee status, asylum to emergency migrants, as well as due to the exhaustion of economic, social, political and other resources for receiving migration flows from countries experiencing armed, civil conflicts, crisis situations, environmental and natural resource disasters, undergoing other unfavourable conditions.

In the context of the global aggravation of the information struggle, the escalation of tension caused by the difference in worldview and ideological attitudes of the leading geopolitical players of the current world order, the current trend towards rewriting the history of the Second World War and re-evaluating the role of separate political regimes and ideologies cause concern. In the year of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War particularly relevant becomes the identification of the ideological origins of modern concepts of political understanding, historical interpretation and memory policy of several countries of the Collective West related to attempts to revise the results of the war and the decisions of the Nuremberg Tribunal, equalize responsibility for its beginning between the aggressors and the victims of aggression. The author shows that one of the underlying reasons for such attempts, in addition to the current foreign policy dictated by expediency purposes of application reputational damage to the Russian Federation as a successor state of the USSR, is in the US tradition of broad psychological interpretation of the phenomenon of fascism rooted in the famous work of German-American psychologist Wilhelm Reich’s “Mass Psychology and Fascism” which, after publication in 1933 became the starting point for the study of totalitarianism of the twentieth century from the psychological positions in the Western, first of all, Anglo-Saxon literature.

In the article, the author substantiates the position about the relevance of Nasimi’s thoughts about the unity of God, that all people are children, that everyone should enlighten his mind. The poet’s lines about ignorance as to the cause of evil and cruelty because it is the essence of Shaytan remain relevant. Nasimi’s work, which is pantheistic, anthropocentric and humanistic, developing the language of the Azerbaijani people, contributed to the unification of Azerbaijanis into a single people, the formation of self-consciousness and national identity. The beauty of a syllable, depth of thoughts, melodiousness of lines of poetry of the poet and the philosopher, attracting love to itself and admiring such poets and thinkers of related Turkic nationalities as Alisher Navoi, Lutfi, Babur, Mashrab, etc. , promoted understanding by them of the relatedness with each other. Nasimi’s thoughts, based on the profound progressive humanistic and democratic provisions of the Qur’an, were ahead of his time and did not fit the socio-political conditions of the Islamic world of those times. It is so because he wrote that he does not fit into this world. The author concluded that the provisions of Nasimi about man as the highest value of existence are relevant today. Nasimi revealed the basis of the civilisational unity of humankind, which is also achieved by the legal “frame” of the value of human life, its freedom, and equality.

In this article, the authors analysed the methodology of improving the evaluation of the effectiveness of the state civil service in the Russian Federation. It includes a retrospective analysis of the development of the legal framework, attempts to introduce pilot projects on the evaluation of effectiveness and development of criteria in the state authorities of the Russian Federation, experience in the implementation of evaluation methods in the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as a general outcome on the application of the methods of effectiveness. The relevance of our article consists of analysis and study the evolution of methods of evaluating the effectiveness of state civil servants in the Russian Federation. On this basis, it is possible to highlight those essential criteria and processes which in the future will help to lay the ground for the development of new approaches in the field of evaluation of the effectiveness of state civil servants. The authors took into account modern trends and the focus on the development of quality skills and skills of contemporary state civil servants in the Russian Federation.

The “Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles” (after this referred to as the “Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces — INF Treaty”), was an arms control treaty. This Treaty was abandoned after being extended for more than three decades. In the current context of competition among great powers, its abolition not only affects the military designs of the two countries but also impacts the reconstruction of regional and global strategic layouts, as well as the future of the global armament system. Against the background of significant changes in Russia’s strategic security environment during the post-INF Treaty period, Russia’s policy behaviour has exhibited a strong “security orientation”. That is, at the military level, it updates and upgrades its nuclear arsenals and continuously expands its deterrence options; at the diplomatic level, it has broken through the Western blockade by expanding Russia’s partner circle. In explanation of the reasons for the emergence of “security-oriented” behaviour characteristics in Russia, this paper argues that geopolitical narration plays a role in shaping Russia’s behaviour. On the other hand, the inertia of Russia’s policy behaviour is explained from the perspective of Russia’s national characteristics, primarily as defined by its national identity. Finally, this paper gives a brief prediction of the future trend of Russia’s behaviour and the arms control system in the post-INF Treaty period.

This article deals with the use of words in the language of Basques in Spanish-language print media. The research hypothesis was as follows: the use of Basque in the Spanish newspaper discourse has a political background and is directly related to the political course and aspirations of the Basque authorities. In the research, the authors used the historical method. It allowed considering the importance of the language of Basques for the nationalist struggle of the region since the end of the 19th century. The method of content analysis allowed identifying Basque words which are most frequently used in Spanish newspapers. It allowed the application of the method of quantitative analysis of the use of these words in selected publications for all the time of existence of the electronic archive. The author found the method of comparative analysis of the data obtained and the method of interrogation through questionnaires. As a result of the research, the author revealed that all the Basque words which are most often used in Spanish newspapers are related to politics and can be translated into Spanish without loss of meaning. According to the public opinion survey, the Basque words in Spanish newspapers create a sense of uniqueness of political phenomena occurring in the Basque Country, which contributes to strengthening the image of the isolation of the region. It is one of the political goals of the leadership of the Basque Country — the recognition of the Basques as a nation equally with the Spanish nation, as well as the establishment of special partnership and relations between the region and Spain. The image of the unique Basque nation can contribute to the realisation of the old dream of Basque nationalists —the unification of the Basque Land (Basque Country, part of Navarra and French Iparralde) on a national basis.

In this article, the author considers demographic and ethnocultural security as a multidimensional phenomenon associated with the coexistence of various sociocultural views and outlooks of peoples historically living together in Russia. In the Urals Federal District, the demographic situation is characterized by the same trends as in the country as a whole. However, the main feature of the region is the cross-border status of three of the six constituent entities of the Urals Federal District. Based on statistical data, the author explores the migration situation in the Ural Federal District, problems and trends in the development of interethnic relations at the regional level. The author substantiates the assumption about the direct impact of migration processes on the demographic and ethnocultural security of the region.

The article presents the results of the study of professional activity specificity in B2B-communication. To achieve these purposes, the author presents a review analysis of Russian market of B2B-communications as one of the most perspective fields for graduates of humanitarian specialities of Russian institutions. The research called “B2B Communication Vector 2020” conducted by Russian communication agency in 2019 gives an explanation of the specificity of activities of B2Bcommunication managers in a range of commerce companies. This article consists of the overall results of the study. Some of the results the author compared with the results of the conducted researches on foreign markets. The article presents different points of view of Russian specialists, practising PR in business.

The most important indicator of the level of socio-economic development of the state is the quality of the provision of public services. However, their quality does not always correspond to the requirements of today. Therefore, one of the system links that need theoretical generalization and streamlining is the financial mechanism for the provision of public services. Thus, the issues of improving the financial mechanism are relevant. The purpose of the study is to analyze the financial mechanism for providing public services. Following the goal, the following research tasks are set: to study the state of the financial mechanism for delivering public services; to analyze the forms, methods, and tools for financing public services; to study the process of planning the financing of public services. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the materials of the article can be used by public authorities to increase the efficiency of spending budget funds. Besides, they can be applied in the teaching of economic disciplines.

The article considers the main reasons, parameters, and history of regional Russian banks based on the example of Moscow. One of the main methods used is the comparative-historical method, which applies to various sections of the article. The author uses elements of biographical analysis. The field of research includes several Moscow banks, mainly related to trade. The study names famous Moscow entrepreneurs who were at the origins of banking in the old capital, and draws attention to the fact that many of them were old believers. This article can be the basis for an open discussion about the historical continuity, analysis of the activities of modern Moscow banks and their connection with analogues at the turn of the XIX — early XX centuries.