This country has celebrated the 70th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. Over the past years the political struggle over the historical interpretation of the War is becoming more and more violent. Unfortunately we are not at the forefront of this struggle. The problem is not just that foreign historians and politicians attempt to seize the initiative in this struggle but that our domestic historians, at times, do assume attitudes that are not assertive enough. This is due to both objective an subjective reasons. But what matters most is that we all are getting farther from this important historic event and the younger generation, given that they get knowledge about the Great Patriotic War based only on books and movies, not always able to make an objective assessment to these far-off events. Modern politicians present it differently as well, sometimes for certain political or tactical reasons. We have seen, how the presidents of Ukraine, Poland and some other politicians make “judgments” on the World War II. With celebration of further anniversaries, one can feel, how judgments and approaches to this important event are gradually changing. The countries that have once been our allies in this war had significantly reconsidered a history. This is proved by the very fact that official representatives of the USA, Great Britain and some other countries, which have fought against fascist aggression, have not attended the celebration of our shared Victory over fascism. Though the major conclusion from those tragic events should be that robust political forces in the world, despite ideological controversies, and differences in economic settings and political systems can unite if any threat to mankind emerges.

An important part of reforming education in Russia is to implement innovations and to develop information and communication technologies within the framework of the inclusive education conception. These involve the creation of a new educational environment based on the idea of equal opportunities. Improving the system of general and professional education of disabled individuals should be considered as the prerequisite of empowering their social integration.The paper concerns the main priorities of the public policy in this sphere. The analysis of current regulatory and legal framework is carried out. Also the author identifies the main challenges in implementing the inclusive approach in the educational process.A sufficient legal basis for implementing the concept of inclusive education has already been formed. However in practice the organization of inclusive education faces a number of challenges. The most important among these include inadequate measures to restructure schools under the educational reform, the lack of financial support to create conditions for full inclusion, the illpreparedness of educational institutions to apply existing legislation in practice and to adapt current educational process to the needs of disabled students.

The paper suggests, that ensuring continuity in ways of foreign languages teaching to connect learning experiences at all stages of the “school-university-job” educational system should be considered as one of the highest importance to the goal of training competent professionals in a particular sphere. The author describes in details the four main aspects for meeting the said goal, namely, educational, cultural, developing and practical ones, all aimed at bringing up specialists with competencies, relevant to the current employment market.The paper pays special attention to the main requirements in mastering translation from a foreign language into the native one. Where one of the most important and challenging issue concerns translation of strictly specialized texts, for example on financial and economic topics. The article draws examples of new economic terms which are coined within the current economic environment and cause certain difficulties when it comes to figuring adequate corresponding terms in the Russian language. To translate these correctly one needs background knowledge in the field concerned. The author believes that Internet could be highly conducive in mastering translation and facilitative for better understanding of foreign texts.The paper provides references for a number of available educational resources, which can be helpful to foreign language teachers as components of classroom activities within the basic methodic course and also can allow students to complete the majority ofassignments directly in the Internet. The article gives examples of appealing educational programs and interactive projects, which are the most useful and engaging resources, first of all because the access to these resources is very easy and unlimited.The author suggests that one of the ways to overcome the gap between school training outcomes and the requirements of higher school is to introduce new information technologies to school teaching to help school students prepare for foreign language teaching technologies adopted by the higher school.

Globalization exerts contradictory impact on the political processes in the countries of «new democracy» which sprang up in the last decades of the XXth century in the course of «the third wave» democratization. Globalization created favorable conditions for the transition from authoritarian and totalitarian dictatorships towards democracy in many countries. But later on globalization turned into an obstacle in the way to the consolidation of democratic regimes.Globalization in economic, political and cultural spheres contributed to the increase of the number of democratic regimes thanks to the following factors: rise in average standards of living, stricter control on the part of international organizations over human rights observance, mass media spreading of democratic values in mass conscience. However starting from the mid-nineties of the last century there appeared some signs of «the democratic wave» decline that was expressed in the rise of the share of the so-called«non-liberal democracies».Many governments in the countries of «new democracy» pursue a policy of setting a limit to the institutional offer of political freedom. The ruling elites consider this type of policy to be essential so as to boost the competitiveness of their national economies, which are involved in the global division of labor, at the expense of minimization of domestic social costs. The rise of political protests which seem inevitable in these circumstances can be effectively curbed only by the means of «low-intense» democracy. However it should be stressed that coming up of «non-liberal democracy» in «the third wave» countries is the result of low public demand for political freedom that largely took shape in the process of globalization.Globalization narrowed the possibilities of «new democracies» to pass the limits of the economic «periphery» and in this way it blocked the increase of the number of people who have self-expression values and who become the convinced adherents of liberal democracy. Values of survival prevail in mass conscience and for these reasons utilitarian motives predominate when it comes to giving support to the democratic system of government. As a result «non-liberal democracy» has spread and has taken root in most countries of «the third wave».

The government as the central political institution and the subject of the rule of the society is to resolve key social issues, to set goals and to guide and support the social development. Political leadership plays the particular role and not only unites and guides people toward the shared objectives, but also provides as interlink between politics and managing the social matters. But a leader’s abilityto lead the people, to pursue the public policy and to rule the society may face severe hurdles. One of these is inefficiency of public administration system as a result of underestimating both theoretically and practically, the actual complexity of the current society as the object to be governed and also due to such processes, as social self-organization, self-government and self-regulation.When the government and public administration fail to take into account the said processes and ignore the whole diversity of actual interests and goals of people who run public affairs, it could disorganize the public administration system, bureaucratize it and lead to mismatch different subsystems levels and processes in ruling over society.The government, being subject to the rule of society, should maintain efficient interaction with all the relevant social processes and mechanisms. Full realization of the social management nature, which manifests itself in voluntary subordination of all kinds and forms of human activities, has the power to connect all the ruling and self-ruling processes in the society. Essentially, the social management is conceived as a system, where lateral interaction between individuals, as actors, based on community of interests, can morph freely and consciously into hierarchic chain of command of objects and agents of management. Such transformation, given its paramount importance to the society, can be possible only provided that there exists the efficient institute of leadership, as the particular, specific yet appearing to be one of the main forms of ruling over the society. Genuine leadership is a visible manifestation of the very essence and significance of social management.

The paper concerns the paradigm of Russia’s development in terms of globalization. An attempt is made to answer the question, whether the humankind is to exist or not to exist as the unity of the many. Transformations of society in terms of the global world and contradictory tendencies of its development are being analyzed. As it is revealed, the practice of humanity’s movement towards world community not only causes fear of cultural homogeneity resulting from the privation of the peculiarities of traditional culturesaround the globe, but also causes a serious tendency for various human communities to preserve their national identity. Essentially, a new stage in the historical dynamics of national identities begins in the XXI century, which is predetermined by the globally proliferating process of democratization of socio-political systems that, in particular, contributes to the enhancement of the rights of ethnic minorities, religious confessions and denominations. It is pointed out that in Russia, a special role in the apprehension of this problem is played by the ideas and philosophic heritage of the Eurasians, who maintained that universal human culture can only be created through the creation of a multinational culture, and emphasized that universal human progress should not be realized entirely through cultural and social unification of peoples.It is asserted that the concept of globalization as a unifying tendency in civilizational development is a methodological delusion, by the reason that the ethno-national and religious complexity of the contemporary world demands the implementation of a dialogue, real and productive, the outcome of which would demand to break the framework of national development whilst keeping its peculiarities, i.e., seek for the unity of the many. The creation of the Eurasian “continental federation” on the basis of the ideology of tolerance is considered as one of possible effective instruments of the adequate reaction of national states to new challenges of globalizational development.The ideology of tolerance has got the new understanding as a system of principles and new mechanisms to support diversity in the evolution of various complex systems, the potential of development, co-existence, interaction, co-operation, mutual assistance and consolidation of various social communities. This ideology ensures sustainable development of humanity inside those systems as the unity of the multitude in the global world, as well as the balance and harmonization of interests between opposing sides in ideology, politics, economy, and also in any other form of interpersonal, social and political interrelation of individuals and social groups. It makes it possible for everyone to determine the right and value of being different. It is concluded that the ideology of tolerance is but the substantial basis for the being of peoples, nationalities, states, religions and outlooks in the global world, without which the preservation of their unity and multitude is hardly possible. It helps enhance the range of capacities possessed by those systems in various unpredictable situations.

The paper considers the subjective causes of the February revolution of 1917. How reasonable is the point of view, that the overthrow of the monarchy has been the result of a severe deterioration in the economic situation of the country and falling living standards?To answer this question, the author selects for comparison realities of Soviet Russia and the USSR, showing that the main charges brought against the «old order» can be brought against the Soviet regime either. Moreover, the scale of problems faced by the USSR, significantly surpasses those faced by the tsarist Russia. However, in the days of the Soviet Union, neither the Lenin’s nor the Stalin’s regimes had been thrown down. This fact casts doubt on the correctness of the ideas, that the 1917 Revolution can be explained by objective reasons, including the so-called worker and peasant issues, and military defeats Russia was suffering in the First world war, and the poor supply of food to the capital.The author analyzes the actions of some members of the power elite of the state during the February crisis, and concludes that disruptions in the bread supply of Petrograd have been caused by some subjective reasons and are the sabotage acts on part of those who had prepared the revolution. Thus the author shares the elitist sociological concept, according to which it is the elite, rather than the masses, is the main subject of historical development.Current world events related to the chain of the so-called «color revolutions» gives the article the urgency, as the technology of the overthrow of the monarchy in Russia is similar to the methods that were used during the «color revolutions» nowadays.

The paper analyzes several concepts of postmodern philosophy, which are used in modern warfare. The conclusion is made that in the course of the armed conflicts it is possible to exploit information and communication reasons, created with the postmodern attitude as a philosophy of information society. The postmodern concept is understood as the intuitively perceived structure of power relations, providing manipulative impact on the audience. The multiplicity of truths inspires to recognize facts that can be useful as sheer truths. The discourse imposes the system of restrictions, rules and regulations on what is authorized to be said publically. The Author’s death is used to conceal the social actors, initiating special events. The rhizome is aimed at redefining the values of binary oppositions. Bricolage contributes to the transformation of values through the use of new or unusual alterations of characters. Irony as a thinly veiled mockery provokes lifestyle and line of thought of people. Deconstruction creates new meanings by breaking the stereotype or through inclusion of familiar ideas in a new context. Hyperreality means designing the space of false signs - simulacra, divorced from the real events. Society of the Spectacle is amounted to a mass distribution of fabricated pseudo-events. It is proved that knowledge of post-modernist concepts would help counteract the negative news acts of modern warfare.

Interview to the CEO of the All-Russian Center of Studying of Public Opinion, research supervisor of faculty of sociology and political science of Financial university Valery Valeryevich Fedorov

The author reviews the current political situation in Catalonia both with the issue of self-determination of the region. Recently the issue of whether a region may have the right to secession (in this case it concerns Catalonia) has been widely discussed especially interms of the policy conducted by the Catalan prime-minister Artur Mas and aimed at self-determination of this autonomous province and separation from Spain. The Catalan self-determination referendum was expected to be held on November 9th, 2014, but later the Constitutional Court of Spain declared that the referendum would be unconstitutional. And instead of the self-determination referendum for Catalonia there has been held an unofficial consultative public opinion poll on the future of Catalonia. The author analyses its results and the politicians’ and analysts’ opinions. The author also considers the possible ways for Catalonia to get separated from Spain and the related hurdles.The Catalans claim they have the «historical right» to run their own state and accuse Madrid of budget discrimination towards the region. The author outlines the three arguments put forward by the Catalans in favor their independence: lingual and cross-cultural (language, culture, mentality), historical and economic. During the period from the Franco’s win in the Civil war and up to the beginning of the reign of the King Juan Carlos I it was forbidden to use regional languages. The Catalans are afraid of new oppressions of their language and culture and believe that creation of their own state would guarantee preservation, diffusion and prosperity of the Catalan language.The opinions of both politicians and historians on the «historical right» of the Catalans to have their own state are divided. throughout the history there have been undertaken several attempts to declare the independence of Catalonia but those periods of independence were so short that it is difficult to say whether those times may be considered as real independence.The author considers the economic argument to be quite reasonable: Catalonia ranks the third in terms of payments and the tenth in terms of public funds received which sparks anger among the majority of Catalans.

Review of the Anthology in Three Volumes «The Modern Science of International Relations Abroad»

The article presents the results and analysis of the sociological study on "Attitude of faculty members of universities to modern students and technology teaching". The study involved teachers from the Financial University and other universities of the city of Moscow of different age groups. The main questions of the survey questions were compared to modern students and students from twenty-thirty years ago, and the identification of the attitude of teachers to teaching the academic disciplines.Shows some trends in the attitudes of faculty members of universities to modern students. Consider the ratio of teaching staff to the topical problem of educational technology, methods of teaching; teachers ' attitudes to the changing approaches and technologies of education in the modern University. A comparison of the classical school of teaching and modern (interactive) methods. Revealed a General trend of a positive attitude of teachers to interactive teaching methods, as well as the views of teachers, interactive teaching methods perception and memorization of learning material by students is significantly better than the classical method.Revealed the General trend of the need to present a judicious combination of classical and interactive methods of teaching disciplines in the University.The analysis of the ratio of use of elements of both classic and interactive teaching methods in their personal professional activity of teachers from different universities and different age groups. The peculiarities and tendencies discussed their views on increasing interactive lessonsRevealed the opinion of the faculty on the phenomenon of lecturing skills. Highlighted are some influencing factor groups to improve lecturing skills of teachers, in particular the necessity of training courses on methods of teaching and lecturing skills.