humanitiesГуманитарные науки. Вестник Финансового университетаHumanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University2226-78672619-1482Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation10.26794/2226-7867-2019-9-6-143-149humanities-394Research ArticleСТАРТАП МОЛОДОГО УЧЕНОГОSTARTUP OF THE YOUNG SCIENTISTТехнологии big data в политических процессах: возможности и рискиBig Data Technologies in Political Processes: Risks and Opportunitieshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7256-3281МухаметовД. Р.MukhametovD. R.

Данияр Рустямович Мухаметов — студент 1-го курса магистратуры факультета социологии и политологии; исследователь Центра изучения трансформации общественно-политических отношений

Москва

Daniyar R. Mukhametov — 1-year master’s student, Department of Sociology and Political Sciences; Researcher at the Center for Study of Transformation of Socio-Political Relations

Moscow

mukhametovdaniyar@gmail.comФинансовый университетРоссияFinancial UniversityRussian Federation20191002202096143149Copyright © Мухаметов Д.Р., 20202020Мухаметов Д.Р.Mukhametov D.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://humanities.fa.ru/jour/article/view/394

В статье рассматриваются различные аспекты, связанные с использованием анализа big data в политических процессах. Цифровые технологии оказывают амбивалентное влияние на социально-политические процессы, так как создают «серую зону» возможностей, которые являются предметом конфликтов и конкуренции различных политических агентов. На первом этапе описывается концепция data-driven campaign в политике, которая получает распространение в силу востребованности гибких механизмов управления и формирования «экономики внимания». Практическая реализация концепции включает этапы сбора и алгоритмического анализа данных (создание психологических профилей и психограмм), сегментирование аудитории и микротаргетинг — в статье раскрывается содержание каждого из них на примере актуальных кейсов. Преимущество использования анализа больших данных заключается как в масштабах анализируемой информации, так и в поиске более глубоких каузальных связей и зависимостей, что расширяет спектр возможностей воздействия на поведение политических агентов. На втором этапе рассматривается возможность экстраполяции механизмов data-driven campaign на уровень общего управления и data-driven politics. Формулируются основные риски и угрозы, связанные с технологиями big data в политических процессах: воронка недоверия к политическим институтам и технологиям, размывание принципов плебисцитарной демократии, конфиденциальность персональных данных, использование коммерческих данных в политических целях, последствия когнитивных ограничений алгоритмов и принятия решений на их основе. Как следствие, в краткосрочной перспективе будут актуальны вопросы институционального регулирования использования данных пользователей, а также защита персональных данных через совершенствование инструментов кибербезопасности и развитие человеческого капитала как базовых навыков использования современных технологий.

The article deals with various aspects related to the use of Big Data technologies in political processes. Digital technologies have an ambivalent impact on the social and political processes, creating the “grey zone” of opportunities and resources that are the subject of conflicts and competition among various political agents. This statement is equally true concerning election campaigns. Firstly, the author describes the concept of data-driven campaign, which is rapidly spreading due to the demand for flexible management mechanisms and the formation of the “attention economy”. The implementation of the concept includes processes of data mining and analysis, microtargeting — the article reveals the content of each stage on the example of recent cases. The essential advantage of using big data analysis in political processes is concluded not only in the scale of the data mining but also in the possibility to examine deep causal relationships and dependencies, which extends the range of opportunities to influence political agents behaviour. Secondly, it is possible to extrapolate mechanisms of data-driven campaign to the level of data-driven politics. The author formulates the major risks and threats associated with the use of Big Data in political processes: funnel of mistrust in political institutions and technologies, blurring political institutions and plebiscite democracy, the preservation and confidentiality of personal data, the consequences of algorithms cognitive restrictions. As a result, in the short term it will be relevant to provide institutional regulation of data using, as well as to support the development of human capital as the basic skills of personal data protection and the use of modern technologies.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.