<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">humanities</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гуманитарные науки. Вестник Финансового университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-7867</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1482</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2226-7867-2024-14-4-23-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">humanities-1036</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМА НОМЕРА: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ МНОГОПОЛЯРНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COVER STORY: MODERN TRENDS OF MULTIPOLARITY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Развитие государственных информационных систем в Российской Федерации, Исламской Республике Иран и Королевстве Саудовская Аравия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of e-Government Services in Russian Federation, Islamic Republic of Iran and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2122-0075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильин</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilin</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Петрович Ильин — лаборант научно-технического   отдела   Школы-интерната   имени А. Н. Колмогорова (СУНЦ)</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander P. Ilin — laboratory assistant of the Scientific and Technical Department of the Kolmogorov Boarding School (AESC)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.p.ilyin@rector.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6007-0551</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильина</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilina</surname><given-names>Yu. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Игоревна Ильина — кандидат политических наук, редактор-переводчик</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia I. Ilina — Cand. Sci. (Polit.), editor and translator</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГУП МИА «Россия Сегодня»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MIA Rossiya Segodnya</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ильин А.П., Ильина Ю.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ильин А.П., Ильина Ю.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ilin A.P., Ilina Y.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://humanities.fa.ru/jour/article/view/1036">https://humanities.fa.ru/jour/article/view/1036</self-uri><abstract><p>Начиная с 1950-х гг. информационные технологии (ИТ) активно внедряются во все сферы жизнедеятельности человечества, в том числе в сферу государственного управления как развитых, так и развивающихся стран. С помощью ИТ создаются государственные информационные системы (ГИС), которые облегчают принятие управленческих решений, а также обеспечивают объективность и прозрачность сбора статистической информации об их исполнении. Настоящая статья ставит своей целью ознакомить читателя с подходами, стратегиями Российской Федерации (РФ), Исламской Республики Иран (ИРИ) и Королевства Саудовской Аравии (КСА) к созданию и совершенствованию ГИС, дать объективную оценку результатам работы по внедрению ГИС, а также общее представление о созданных и функционирующих ГИС с наибольшим числом пользователей из числа граждан (подданных), иностранцев или лиц без гражданства, проживающих на территории указанных стран. В исследовании были использованы методы анализа, синтеза, аналогии и дедукции. Необходимость внедрения ГИС как неотъемлемого условия развития экономики и обеспечения внешнего и внутреннего суверенитета осознана в равной степени руководством РФ, ИРИ и КСА. Однако условия для ведения данной работы сильно отличаются, что обусловлено географическими, демографическими и политическими факторами. Тем не менее, стратегии по внедрению ГИС в рассматриваемых странах имеют схожую тенденцию. Во всех трех рассматриваемых странах проделана серьезная работа в данной области, однако авторитетные международные статистические исследования не всегда учитывают реальные достижения стран. Авторами выявлены косвенные признаки искажения статистики с целью возможной дискриминации отдельных стран. По мнению авторов, необходимо создание независимого органа сбора статистики и построения общей стратегии внедрения ГИС в рамках БРИКС.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Since the 1950s, information technology (IT) has been actively introduced into all spheres of human activity, including public administration in both developed and developing countries. With the help of IT, e-government services are being created, which provides a significant reduction in decision-making, as well as transparency of collected  statistics. This article aims to familiarize the reader with the approaches and strategies of the Russian Federation (RF), the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to «digitization» of public administration, to give an objective assessment of the results of work on the implementation of e-government doctrines and to give a brief description of most popular e-services among citizens (subjects) or foreigners residing in the territory of those countries. The methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy and deduction were used in the research. The need of e-government as an important condition for economic development and ensuring external and internal sovereignty is equally recognized by the leadership of the RF, IRI and the KSA. However, the conditions of implementation of e-government doctrines differ due to geographical, demographic and political factors. Meanwhile the strategies of building of such systems in the countries under consideration tend to converge. Regardless of serious work that has been done in all three countries in this domain reputable international statistical studies do not always consider the real achievements of those countries. The authors have identified indirect signs of statistical distortion highly likely used to discriminate and “cancel” achievements of some countries. According to the authors point of view it seems to be necessary to create an independent body for collecting statistics and building a common strategy for the development and implementation of e-government within the framework of the BRICS.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>информационные технологии</kwd><kwd>информационные системы</kwd><kwd>государственные информационные системы</kwd><kwd>электронное правительство</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>Иран</kwd><kwd>Саудовская Аравия</kwd><kwd>БРИКС</kwd><kwd>государственное управление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>information technologies</kwd><kwd>digitization</kwd><kwd>e-government</kwd><kwd>e-service</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>Iran</kwd><kwd>Saudi Arabia</kwd><kwd>BRICS</kwd><kwd>public administration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Когаловский М.Р. Перспективные технологии информационных систем. М.: ДМК Пресс; Компания АйТи; 2003. 288 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kogalovsky M.R. Promising technologies of information systems. Moscow: DMK Press, AiTi Company; 2003. 288 с. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вологжанин О.Ю. и др. Информационные системы в управлении. Пермь: Изд-во Пермского государственного национального исследовательского университета; 2021. 292 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vologzhanin O. Yu. et al. Information systems in management. Perm: Izd-vo Permskogo gosudarstvennogo nacional’nogo issledovatel’skogo universiteta; 2021. 292 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова Н.И. Индекс готовности к сетевому обществу в плену у экспертных показателей. Вестник Самарского государственного технического университета. 2014;2(1):259–266. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/szwcqb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova N.I. The index of readiness for a network society in captivity of expert indicators. Vestnik Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta = Bulletin of the Samara State Technical University. 2014;(1). (In Russ.) URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/szwcqb</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кутейников А.В. Судьба оригинальной идеи А.И. Китова, проекта создания автоматизированной системы управления советской экономикой (ОГАС). Научные труды Вольного экономического общества России. 2010. URL: https://veorus.ru/upload/iblock/347/143_veor.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuteynikov A.V. The fate of the original idea of A.I. Kitov, the project of creating an automated control system of the Soviet economy (OGAS). Nauchnye trudy Vol’nogo jekonomicheskogo obshhestva Rossii = Scientific works of the Free Economic Society of Russia. 2010;143:132–138. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исмелов Н.М. Государственная автоматизированная система «Выборы» как средство автоматизации избирательного процесса. Право и государство: теория и практика. 2016;(1):68–70. URL: https://bik.sfu-kras.ru/elib/view?id=PRSV-/И%20877–307036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismelov N. M. State automated system “Vybory” (“Elections”) as a means of automating the electoral process. Pravo i gosudarstvo: teorija i praktika = Law and the state: Theory and practice. 2016;(1):68–70. (In Russ.). URL: https://bik.sfu-kras.ru/elib/view?id=PRSV-/И%20877–307036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аламри Р.Т. Саудовская АРАМКО — крупный центр в реализации видения королевства 2030 года. Экономика и социум. 2020;72(5):265–270. URL: https://a78cf8ac3ef5–4670–8fcd-a900ec94fdfb.filesusr.com/ugd/b06fdc_4d9a491a6bb04a8bafe24dc4a6db888b.pdf?index=true</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alamri R. T. Saudi ARAMCO is a major center in the realization of the Kingdom’s vision of 2030. Jekonomika i socium = Economics and Society. 2020;72(5):265–270. (In Russ.). URL: https://a78cf8ac3ef5–4670–8fcd-a900ec94fdfb.filesusr.com/ugd/b06fdc_4d9a491a6bb04a8bafe24dc4a6db888b.pdf?index=true</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бакланова Е. Современная банковская система в Саудовской Аравии. Россия и мусульманский мир. 2008;(1):135–144. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/iiqppr</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baklanova E. Modern banking system in Saudi Arabia. Rossija i musul’manskij mir = Russia and the Muslim World. 2008;(1):135–144. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/iiqppr</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heidari A., Jafari Navimipour N., Unal M. The History of Computing in Iran (Persia) — Since the Achaemenid Empire. Technologies. 2022;(4):94. DOI: 10.3390/technologies10040094</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heidari A., Jafari Navimipour N., Unal M. The History of Computing in Iran (Persia) — Since the Achaemenid Empire. Technologies. 2022;(4):94. DOI: 10.3390/technologies10040094</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erdoğan S., Gedikli A., Derindağ M.R. An investigation of Iran’s Banking system: Сhallenges and remedies. Bilimname. 2020;41(1):957–990. DOI: 10.28949/bilimname.673337</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erdoğan S., Gedikli A., Derindağ M. R. An investigation of Iran’s Banking system: challenges and remedies. Bilimname. 2020;41(1):957–990. DOI: 10.28949/bilimname.673337</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolachalam S.An Overview of E-Government. Business and Management Sciences International Quarterly Review. 2004;1. http://dx.doi.org/10.13132/2038–5498/2004.1.1–12b</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolachalam S. An Overview of E-Government. Business and Management Sciences International Quarterly Review. 2004;(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.13132/2038–5498/2004.1.1–12b</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Амелин Р.В. Информационно-правовой режим государственных и муниципальных информационных систем. Известия Саратовского университета. Новая серия. Серия: Экономика. Управление. Право. 2018;18(4):455–465. DOI: 10.18500/1994–2540–2018–18–4–455–465</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amelin R. V. Information and legal regime of state and municipal information systems. Izvestija Saratovskogo universiteta. Serija: Jekonomika. Upravlenie. Pravo = Izvestiya of the Saratov University. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2018;18(4):455–465. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18500/1994–2540–2018–18–4–455–465</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов И.С. Правовые признаки государственной информационной системы. Вестник Воронежского государственного университета. Серия: Право. 2020;42(2). DOI: 10.17308/vsu.proc.law.2020.2/2805</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov I. S. Legal features of the state information system. Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta = Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. 2020;42(2). (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17308/vsu.proc.law.2020.2/2805</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акаткин Ю.М. Цифровая трансформация государственного управления. Датацентричность и семантическая интероперабельность. Санкт-Петербург: «Автор». 2019. 552 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akatkin Yu. M. Digital transformation of public administration. Data-centricity and semantic interoperability. Saint Petersburg: “Avtor”; 2019. 552 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Долгушева А.Ю., Мурзина И.А. Многофункциональные центры предоставления государственных и муниципальных услуг: история развития и современное состояние. Вестник Пензенского государственного университета. 2022;37(1):50–53. https://elibrary.ru/oyqywl</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolgusheva A. Yu., Murzina I. A. Multifunctional centers for the provision of state and municipal services: the history of development and current state. Vestnik Penzenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta = Bulletin of Penza State University. Penza, 2022;37(1):50–53. (In Russ.). https://elibrary.ru/oyqywl</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рогожин А.А. ИКТ как направление диверсификации экономики Саудовской Аравии. Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 2021;1(4):122–141. DOI: 10.23932/2542–0240–2021–14–4–8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogozhin A.A. ICT as a direction of diversification of the Saudi Arabian economy. Kontury global’nyh transformacij: politika, jekonomika, pravo = Contours of global transformations: politics, economics, law. 2021;1(4):122–141. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.23932/2542–0240–2021–14–4–8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alnifayei H.A Review of the current status of e-government in Saudi Arabia. Journal for Research on Business and Social Science. 2021;4(11): ITJ4102. DOI: 10.4018/jegr.2008040105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alnifayi H. Review of the current state of e-government in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research. 2021;4(11): ITJ4102. DOI: 10.4018/jegr.2008040105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alfayad M., Abbott-Halpin E. Understanding the Current Situation of E-Government in Saudi Arabia: A Model for Implementation and Sustainability. Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Digital Government. ACPI, 2017. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84342023.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alfayad M., Abbott-Halpin E. Understanding the Current Situation of E-Government in Saudi Arabia: A Model for Implementation and Sustainability. Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Digital Government. ACPI, 2017. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84342023.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahghasemi E., Tafazzoli B., Akhavan M., Mirani G. (2013). Electronic Government in Iran: A Case Study. Semantic Scholar. 2013. URL: https://clck.ru/3EupaP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahghasemi E., Tafazzoli B., Akhavan M., Mirani G. (2013). Electronic Government in Iran: A Case Study.Electronic. Semantic Scholar. 2013. URL: https://clck.ru/3EupaP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadr S. M., Yazdan G. F. E-Government Effect on Economic in Iran. Public Policy and Administration Research. 2012;(2):13–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadr S. M., Yazdan G. F. E-Government Effect on Economic in Iran. Public Policy and Administration Research. 2012;(2):13–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahamdi A., Ghazanfari M., Aliahmadi A., Mohebi A. Strategic planning for implementing e-government in Iran: Formulating the strategies. 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahamdi A., Ghazanfari M., Aliahmadi A., Mohebi A. Strategic planning for implementing e-government in Iran: Formulating the strategies. 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева Ю.А. Феофилова Т. Ю., Имани М. Цифровая Экономика Ирана: проблемы развития и особенности управления. π-Economy. 2022;15(4):7–20. DOI: 10.18721/JE.15401</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva Yu.A. et al. The dynamic economy of Iran: problems of development and management. π-Economy 2022;15(4):7–20. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18721/JE.15401</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рахимиан М. М. Иранская платежная система «Шетаб» и перспективы иранской системы банковских карт в зарубежных странах. Вестник ГУУ. 2020;(4):174–181. DOI: 10.26425/1816–4277–2020–4–174–181</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahimian M.M. The Iranian Shetab payment system and the prospects of the Iranian bank card system in foreign countries. Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta upravlenija = Bulletin of State University of Management. 2020;(4):174–181. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.26425/1816–4277–2020–4–174–181</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добролюбова Е.И. Международные показатели цифровизации государственного управления: обзор практики. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Государственное и муниципальное управление. 2019;6(1):28–40. DOI: 10.22363/2312–8313–2019–6–1–28–40</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrolyubova E. I. Mezhdunarodnye pokazateli cifrovizacii gosudarstvennogo upravleniya: obzor praktiki. Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Gosudarstvennoe i municipal’noe upravlenie = RUDN Journal of Public Administration. 2019;6(1):28–40. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22363/2312–8313–2019–6–1–28–40</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гердичук Ю.В., Павлютенкова М.Ю. Электронное правительство в реализации политики устойчивого развития. PolitBook. 2017;(2):6–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerdichuk V.V., Poltenkova M.A. E-government in the implementation of sustainable development policy. PolitBook. 2017;(2):6–21. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alharbi A., Alzuwaed J. Qasem H. Evaluation of e-health (Seha) application: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2021;103(21). DOI: 10.1186/s12911–021–01437–6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alharbi A., Alzuwaed J., Qasem H. Evaluation of e-health (Seha) application: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2021;103(21). DOI: 10.1186/s12911–021–01437–6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
